The Scramble for Africa

What were the major historical factors explaining the scramble for Africa? The scramble for Africa has aptly been described as the meretricious period of European expansionism in the 19th century. It was an age in which the continents of Africa, Asia and mettle tocopherolern states were brought under the control of European powers following the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.Eric Hobsbawm, one of the tip authorities on European imperialism, described the period as the Age of Empire not only because it developed a new kind of imperialism, plainly also a much more old-fashioned reason referred to here as the age of emperors (1987 56). It was essenti bothy a period in which a handful of European powers (Great Britain, France, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Japan, Germany etc), having emerged economically strong following rapid industrialisation, set give away to pursue radical national interests overseas.The scramble for Africa began at a time when the benefit of industr ial revolution gave rise to unprecedented expansion in the production of goods and services, which needed to be exported to outlandish market places. For, the partition and the haggling that went it did not come out of the blue. It was orchestrated by a combination of factors and conditions under which European powers faced in their metropolitan countries at the time.Having lost their North and in the south American colonies, Australasia and the peaceable rim interests at the turn of the century, the European powers turned their searchlight to Africa, Asia and the Middle East for new markets consolidating previously held trading posts and sea route communications and grabbing new territories along the way hence the scramble for Africa. The partition has broadly been described as one of the roughly turning points in the history of the relationships between the Haves industrialised European powers versus the Have-nots tropical Africa and the countries of Asia and the middle Eas t (Padmore, 1972 7).In his most eloquent work on the subject of partition Africa and the manhood Peace (1972 162), Padmore argues that colonial policy is the youth of industrial policy for rich States in which capital is abundant and is rapidly accumulating, in which the manufacturing system is continually growing and characterising, if not most numerous, at least(prenominal) the most alert and energetic part of the population that works with its hands, in which the countryside is obliged to industrialise itself, in order to maintain itself, in much(prenominal) States exporting is an ssential factor of public property Still, Jules Ferry, who can fittingly be described as the father of cut Imperialism, whilst addressing the Chamber of Deputies in 1885, summed up the need for colonies as follows Is it not clear that the great States of modern Europe, the moment their industrial power is found, are confronted with an immense and difficult problem, which is the basis of industr ial life, the very condition of populace the question of markets? Can we say that this colonial policy is a luxury for modern nations?Not at all this policy is for all of us, a necessity, the market itself (p. 161). Ferrys encapsulation of what the partition of Africa meant for the French and his fellow European powers are quite instructive here. Similarly, continental echoes of the partition policy were heard in locomote order. In the Island of Great Britain, Mr Joseph Chamberlain, the radical mayor of Birmingham and a great advocate of liberal ideals, who later deserted the Liberals and became one of the most ardent champions of Toryism , accepted that a forward policy of colonial expansion in Africa was now the order of the day.He stated that it is the duty of the State to foster the trade and take for markets for its manufactures (p. 164). In Germany, Bismarck, who initially opposed colonial expansion, later became its advocate. Addressing the Reichstag in 1885, he declare d that The goal of Germanys foreign policy was to be economically independent. Colonies, he said, would provide new markets for German industries, the expansion of trade, and new field for German activity, civilisation and capital Consider what it would mean if part of the cotton and coffee which we moldiness export could be grown in German territory overseas.Would that not bring an increase in national wealth? (Padmore, pp. 164 -165), he queried. H. L. Wessseling, in his carve up and Rule The Partition for Africa (1996 366), whilst analysing Hobsons classic work on Imperialism A Study, argued that the historical interpretation of the partition was based on imperialism as a aftermath of capitalism and therefore, primarily a struggle for profitable markets of investment.He acknowlight-emitting diodeged the seminal work of John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson in their Africa and the Victorians stating that it was not until the 1960s that a new approach began to be adopted by the lea ding discussants of the partition policy. He opined that aside from the economic motives upon which the partition was based, there was thus, consideration of strategic and governmental motives as well, noting that early writers overlooked this fact.He summed up the views of the British political establishment thus The British policy makers were not so much pertain with Africa itself as with safeguarding British interests in Asia the motive behind late Victorian strategy in Africa was to protect the all beta stakes in India and the East (p. 366). This view becomes clearer when juxtaposed with Hargreaves Chapter 3 in Decolonisation in Africa whilst discussing the logistics of the consequence World War.He stressed that the protection of African supply route was a crucial contribution to the Middle East war, adding that extraordinary efforts were made to develop the African Line of Communications by which bulky supplies were moved to congou river, across to Juba in the southern Su dan, and thence to Egypt (Hargreaves, 1988 54). Surely, there was no question of the strategic and commercial importance of Africa, Asia and the Middle Eastern territories to the Allied Powers prior to, and during, the Second World War.As M. E. Chamberlain succinctly attested here the possession of an empire came to be regarded as a kind of badge of great power status, important for prestige, irrespective of whether it was worth while economically (Chamberlain, 1985 p. 3). Whilst huge merit pertains in this argument, theres no doubt as Wesseling puts it the policy of imperialism in Africa, Asia and the Middle East differed from country to country, from period to period, and from place to place (Wesseling, 1996, p. 366).The argument makes it clear economic motives such as the protection and encouragement of trade and industry did indeed play a part so also did such financial motives as safeguarding of loans and investments, such political motives as strategic advantage, national amb ition, electoral appeal, such as ideological motives as bearing the white mans burden, and many more (p. 366). The method used by the European powers in gaining beachhead into the African territories was generally regarded as underhand. Africans and Indians, it was assumed, only began to exist at the point they were discovered (Liebenow, 1986 p. 4). Accordingly, treaties of friendship negotiated with local political personages, or evidence of conversations alone, became converted in the 19th century diplomatic scramble into European deeds of ownership to the land, the people, and all their resources (p. 14). Following the inordinate ways used in slicing up African territories , the Berlin group discussion recognised Leopolds claims over Congo, and the various spheres of British, French and German influence in the East, West and South Africa respectively. The period following the conference was marked by the rapid annexation of the territories involved.In order to consolidate their positions, England, France and Germany first resorted to the use of Chartered Companies (British and German East Africa Companies, the Niger Company of West Africa, and the South Africa Company), joint stock organisations with tremendous financial resources at their disposal, backed by the armed forces of their respective States. These monopoly concerns were the ones which laid the basis of government in the territories which were later officially declared as colonies and protectorates (Padmore, p. 168 169).Germany, although a late entry in the colonial race, acquired German East Africa (then known as Tanganyika) in 1844, South West Africa in 1885, Cameroons and Togoland in 1885 (P. 168 169). By the time the process of carving up Africa was completed, England and France had emerged as the biggest shareholders of the continent. England acquired the colonies of Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast (now Ghana), Nigeria on the West Coast, British Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zam bia, Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia), Swaziland and Basutoland, and the Union of South Africa.France, on the other hand, got most North Africa countries of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. On the West Coast of Africa, it secured Senegal and its hinterland, forming Equatorial Africa and the Congo, Dahomey, Ivory Coast and the large Island of Madagascar. After the World War, the German West and East African colonies were later divided between the British Empire and France following the Paris conference (p. 169), using the League of Nations to consolidate their booties. Portugal, one of the oldest colonial Powers in the world got Angola and Guinea on the West Coast, Mozambique on the East, and the cocoa island of Sao Tome and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea (p. 169). Italy, having met military disaster in her early imperialist attempt at Abyssinia in 1896, as well as diplomatic defeat by France over Tunisia, acquired Tripoli in the north, Eritrea on the East Coast and Italian Somaliland on the Indian Ocean (p. 169). It has commonly been argued that the approach used by the European powers in running their territories exacerbated local ira against colonial rule.Many ethnic groups with little in common were lumped together, thus creating confusion and rivalries, making the present day African countries extremely difficult to govern. Whilst Britain industrious a mixture of come up to (India) and indirect rule (Africa and others), using recognised local people to govern the French and others tended to adopt a more direct approach. For example, the French and the Portuguese believed in the policy of integration or assimilation. This policy extended French citizenship to trained Africans whilst providing a token of autonomy to local representatives who, subsequently, were co-opted into French Parliament.While Africa provided the best example for studying the development and expansion of European Imperialisms in their quest for markets, sources of raw materials and sphe res for investing capital, this overseas projection of European capitalism was not confined to the Dark Continent. Indeed, scramble incursions were made into Asia and other parts of New World. The chief amongst these was India, often referred to as the Jewel in the Crown because it differed from all other colonies of occupation in its vastly greater size and population, reaching 200 millions in 1860s (Fieldhouse, 1965/6 271).According to Fieldhouse, India provided Britain with political and military power therefore, its resources were harness to support a great military empire before the British arrived (Fieldhouse p. 271). In summing up, therefore, it has to be argued that the European domination of Africa, Asia and the Middle East has been one of the most significant phenomena of the 19th century period called the modern age (Liebenow, 1986 13).The technological superiority of the European powers and the age of industrial revolution led the West in believing that they were destine d, as a matter of right, to govern people elsewhere on the globe. Regrettably, colonisation was unable to shape African economic, social and political conditions to more than a very limited extent (Wesseling, 1996 372). In economic or social respects, colonisation brought nothing essentially new but only led to the acceleration of social and economic process of modernisation (p. 372).This led to the integration of Africa and the rest of the New World into the capitalist economy. If we have to look for any substantial benefit of colonialism, this has to be seen in the context of the multiplicity of states that sprung up in Africa with concomitant ethnic conflicts and political instabilities. The false notion of sovereignties accorded to African states and recognised by the United Nations, clearly shows that majority of these states are weak and unable to clear democratic legitimacies in their various territories.

Nancy Scheper-Hughes and the Question of Ethical Fieldwork

In 1974, Nancy Scheper-Hughes traveled to a village in countrified Ireland which she later nicknamed Ballybran (Scheper-Hughes 2000-128)). Her findings there led her to publish Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics Mental Illness in Rural Ireland in 1979, in which she attempted to explain the brotherly causes of Irelands surprisingly high rates of schizophrenia (Scheper-Hughes 2000128). Saints was met with a backlash of criticism from both the anthropological community and the villagers who had served as her informants.The criticism eventually led to Scheper-Hughes existenceness expelled indefinitely from the village in which she had worked (Scheper-Hughes 2000118) and raised serious questions about the ethics of anthropological inquiry. In this essay I will argue that Nancy Scheper-Hughes fieldwork in Ireland was fundamentally wrong on the grounds that she morally wronged her participants through her put onized representation of them, and that she did not seek their intercommu nicate consent. That being say, she was overly committed to geomorphologic depth psychology, which is distinctly lacking in twenty-first century anthropological inquiry.Nancy-Scheper Hughes has often been criticized for morally wronging her informants in a variety of ways, including breach of privacy, deception and magic trick (Schrag 2009140). These attacks did not come until much later, however, and the sign complaints against her work were centered around her conclusions, which were perceived to be based on faulty methodology including drawing conclusions without sufficient data to support them, and misreading her informants re stand forions to her hold (Messenger 198214).The villagers themselves were upset that she had misrepresented them, remarking that she had violated local codes of hospitality (Scheper-Hughes 198213), portrayed nothing but the negative aspects of Irish rural life (Scheper-Hughes 2000119) and formed their individual identities into fictional characters i n her efforts to conceal them (Scheper-Hughes 198213). Though perhaps well-intentioned, Scheper-Hughes attempt to conceal the identities of her informants resulted in forming them into scattered, fictional characters, according to the villagers themselves (Scheper-Hughes 198213).In this the villagers ar justified, as she hid reality by burial it indoors archetypal representations which led to a misrepresentation of her informants. It turns reality into a caricature, calling into question the validity of her portrayals and therefore the basis of her entire analysis. Moreover, it is unfair to the informants themselves because it gives realisation for words spoken by real people to fictional characters.At best, Scheper-Hughes attempt to hold dear the individual privacy of her informants backfired and warped their identities into something false and grounded in the misrepresentation of reality therefore, criticism from the villagers regarding her scattering of their identities are indeed warranted. Clearly, Scheper-Hughes wronged her informants by fragmenting their words and contributions, and by giving credit to false identities when it was actually due to real ones. unmatch satisfactory informant actually remarked that she just didnt give us credit (Scheper-Hughes 2000119).And yet despite her efforts to conceal the identities of her informants by disguising them as fictional characters, they were still subject to identify themselves and each other (Schrag 2009150). Since the primary purpose of identity concealment is to keep an informants secrets intact by hiding them from community members, the fact that the villagers in Ballybran were up to(p) to re-construct each others identities in her published work shows that she did not properly protect confidential information, and therefore did not put the interests of her participants first.The anthropologist has a moral duty to protect the secrets of her informants once divulged, especially when publishing th em, no matter when and where the search was carried out. As Schrag asserts, this is simply the best way to treat them as humans and not repositories of fellowship (2009145). Scheper-Hughes clearly attempted to do this by subjecting her informants to anonymity if she had not, the villagers would not have been angry about their fragmented identities and scattered words.It is clear, however, that she failed in this attempt, as the villagers were still able to recognize the pieces of themselves in her ethnography (Scheper-Hughes 2000150). It is not necessarily unethical to publish community and individual secrets indeed without them good ethnographic work would not be possible, especially when investigating much(prenominal) hypothetical situations as illegal activities as a result of oppression and structural inequalities. However, it is authorised to obtain and disclose such secrets under clear ethical guidelines.Informed consent is and was at the time of Scheper-Hughes fieldwork an important aspect of ethical research. Scheper-Hughes was criticized by Irish anthropologists for not obtaining the full and informed consent of her participants before conducting her research, and this criticism is warranted (Callahan 3111979). It is clear from the villagers reactions when she returned to Ballybran some years later that this is in fact on-key. Scheper-Hughes herself remarked that many felt betrayed by her book, and that they initially had no head what she would publish (Scheper-Hughes 2000148).Schrag argues that part of informed consent should be to communicate honestly the research objectives of the ethnographer, which Scheper-Hughes did not do (2009138). If she had done this to the fullest extent possible, the villagers would not have been shock and hurt by her conclusions. Proper informed consent should incorporate an agreement between the researcher and their participants which makes clear that whatever is disclosed to the ethnographer is fair game for publi cation.That being said, obtaining such consent can be a point of contention in anthropology, since it means that not only does the participant have to consent to a full disclosure of their personal information, but the ethnographer has to also consent to the possibility that not all desired information will be available for analysis and publication. This consensual agreement must be part of any ethical fieldwork, and it is clear that Scheper-Hughes did not adhere to it.Since informed consent was already an established expression when she conducted her researchas evidenced by Eileen Kanes criticism of her lack of it (Messenger198214)even a relativist critique in this case would be fully warranted and justified. It is true that obtaining proper informed consent from informants means that not all information will be available to the ethnographer however, this does not necessarily mean that good ethnographic work cannot be accomplished.If the goal of the ethnographer is to locate struc tural violence and subsequent inequalitieswhich I will argue later that it should bethan these would in theory be apparent without needing to obtain or divulge personal secrets to a large degree. Moreover, sincere attempts could be made to not reveal the identity of the informants who do cede intimate details without resorting to scattering and dismantling them. Whole identities could be kept secret by not publishing revealing facts about an individual which are not strictly necessary to the collection or presentation of data.Multivocality is certainly important, but if direct quotes, elaborate descriptions and background information are kept to a minimum it would serve the double purpose of concealing identity without fictionalizing it therefore, the failure of Scheper-Hughes to keep identities in tact while also preserving the integrity of information provided at bottom the strictest confidence serves as a lesson to all anthropologists as to the necessity of full and proper info rmed consent.Keeping multivocality to a necessary minimum would also susp abrogate the ethnographer to do a more objective structural analysis, which is distinctly lacking in postmodern ethnography. Though it is important to protect the privacy of the individual on their terms through informed consent, it is also important to conduct quality analyses of structural inequalities with the objective of promoting the common good.One thing that can be said about the work of Scheper-Hughes is that she was committed to pinpointing the social causes of schizophrenia in rural Ireland, which ultimately pointed fingers not at the villagers themselves but at the economic and social hardships that prompted them to act out a certain amount of psychological violence on their children (Scheper-Hughes 2000123). Schrag criticizes Scheper-Hughes for committing what he calls inflicted cortical potential that is, forcing the villagers to realize painful truths about themselves that they did not ask for or anticipate (2009151).I argue that this is not necessarily a breach of morals, and depends largely on the time and place in which the research is being conducted. If the inflicted insight is coming from a psychiatrist and is being offered to an individual under the strictest codes of patient confidentiality, then to break that code would be a severe breach of morality. Schrag is refine claim that inflicted insight in a psychiatric environment is entirely different from that in a social context (2009153).The former deals strictly with an individual, whereas the latter(prenominal) deals with truths about structural violence which are embedded within society at large and are not necessarily apparent from the in placement. In such cases, I argue that it is the moral obligation of the ethnographer to point out the causes of structural violence, and simply doing so could prompt action within the community itself to correct inequalities or systematic oppression.No action can be taken a gainst a problem unless the cause is clear and this is sometimes hard to realize when one is immersed within ones own cultural framework. The anthropologist, as a humanand therefore moral beinghas a duty to seek out social reproductions of violence and form opinions about them. One cannot be too relativistic in ones work, and if the anthropologist takes a stand on one side or other it has the potential to call others to action as well.This is one thing that Nancy Scheper-Hughes did well, as exemplified by the fact that when she returned to Ballybran years after her initial research was carried out, one villager admitted that the young mothers had been more inclined to show tenderness to their children since the publication of the book, almost as if to spite her conclusions (Scheper-Hughes 2000136). Clearly some action had been taken to terminate what Scheper-Hughes had concluded was one of the primary causes for schizophrenia that of parental disinterest in their children (2000131) .Whether or not her conclusions were correct, she made them in the spirit of the collective good, and they prompted some inhering change from the villagers themselves. This is more than any postmodern ethnography has managed to do, and therefore the final lesson that anthropologists can take away from the case of Nancy Scheper-Hughes is that an ethnography can be a powerful tool for change however it must be researched and written in an ethical way, one which adequately addresses and takes a stand on structural violence.In conclusion, I have argued that Nancy Scheper-Hughes fieldwork in rural Ireland was fundamentally unethical because she portrayed her informants as fictionalized caricatures and did not seek their full informed consent, which morally wronged her participants. That being said, she did pursue an analysis of structural violence which prompted some small action in her host community after her book was published, a noble end which anthropologists have lost sight of in the postmodern era.Though her fieldwork led to her eventual expulsion from Ballybran and continues to undergo scrutiny by the anthropological community, it is nevertheless an important case study in the necessity of strict ethical standards when working in the field. Its situation within a lost doctrine of structuralism also makes it important for future anthropologists to examine as an example not of art for arts sake, but as a voice for the common good.

Theory Essay

Bambara & Freire An Analysis to Theory March 2013 The Lesson is written by Toni Cade Bambara and is a fictional narrative. The significance of this short accounting is deepened when we apply Paulo Freires story Pedagogy of the Oppressed because he talks about the different kinds of teaching rules that relate to the characters in The Lessons and the society that they live in. In Freires story he deliberates about the society we live in, which uses the banking method rather than the problem session method of teaching.I believe that this is what hightail it. Moore is hard to show her students in The Lesson by victorious them to the rich part of town when they go into the gipshop. In Freires story he gives two terms the oppressor, which in my opinion is the washcloth tribe in The Lesson and the suppress which is Sylvia and her classmates. In The Lesson, you meet a young girl who goes by the name of Sylvia. Sylvia is brought up in a slum atomic number 18a and is resentful towar ds her teacher, Miss Moore.Sylvia feels that her teacher is better than everyone else in her community because she has a college degree, and doesnt care to listen to anything Miss. Moore has to say. The story starts off by Miss Moore bringing the group of children to this toyshop, which is where I believe she is trying to expose them to this banking system concept, to show them what is wrong with their society. The banking system concept is when the teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable.Or else he expounds on a topic completely alien to the existential experience of the students (Freire 52). In other words the banking system where the teachers believe only they can be the well-educated other, the knowledgeable other is someone who has more experience and knows what they are doing which makes them the one who holds all the knowledge. They dont believe the students can teach them anything new. utilize this type of system wil l result in the students only being as good as what theyre taught.The problem posing method on the other hand is where the teachers and the students work together, that they can learn from each other and respect one anothers thoughts, ideas, questions and wonders. A long example of the banking method that Freire writes is the more completely she fills out the receptacles, the better a teacher she is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are (Freire 53).In The Lesson the white people are the oppressors and Sylvia and her classmates are the oppressed. Freire explains the oppressed The oppressed receive the euphemistic title of welfare recipients. They are treated as individual cases, as bare(a) persons who deviate from general configuration of a good, organized, and just society (Freire 55). This is saying how poor people are treated as separate people in society. The students in The Lesson did not know they were seen as this separ ate part of society.According to Freire he doesnt believe this is the case, he sees everyone as equals The oppressed are not marginal, are not people living outside society. They have always been inside (Freire 55). Once Sylvia and her classmates arrive at this toyshop they notice a toy sailboat that catches them off guard, further its not the sailboat, it is the price tag that is attached to it, Sylvia exclaims Who are these people that spend that much for preforming clowns and $1000 for toy sailboats? What kinda work they do and how they live and how come we aint on it? (Bambara 425). I believe that by bringing the children to this new environment she was trying to open the childrens eyes to this separate society. Miss Moore embodies the idea of problem posing. From Freires point of view, a teacher that poses these traits should from the outset, her efforts must coincide with those of the students to engage in critical thinking and the quest for mutual humanization (Freire 56). M iss. Moore does this when she asks a question to deepen Sugars thought about why adults would play with a kids toy.A great metaphoric description between the two methods that Freire uses, quoting Fromm is that the banking system causes people to be necrophilia versus the problem posing method, which is causing people to be biophilious. While life is characterized by growth in a structured, functional manner, the necrophilous person loves all that does not grow, all that is mechanical. The necrophilous person is drive by the desire to transform the organic into the Memory rather that experience, having, rather than being, is what counts.The necrophilious person can related to an object- a flower or a person- only if he loses the possession he loses contact with the world He loves control in the act of controlling he kills life (Fromm 58). I feel that this quote strengthens the deal that the children have around this overpriced boat. In my point of view the children are more biophil ious, this is backed up when it shows that they do not see the importance of an expensive boat when they could use that money to feed an entire family. They arent bound by materialistic items.During The Lesson you read about Sylvia getting mad at her booster shot Sugar for engaging in conversation with Miss Moore regarding the toy sailboat. This displays that Sylvia is unintentionally still bound by the banking system because if they were in the problem posing method this would be seen as harmful to one anothers learning. You notice that Miss Moore is trying to get the students to critically think for themselves in a problem-posing manner, but it is apparent that they are all in some matter constricted by this banking system method that they live in.The whole idea of the banking system with the roles of the oppressed and the oppressor is that it stops people from becoming fully human, as Freire says no one can be authentically human while he prevents others from being so (p. 66). R eferences Bambara, Toni Cade. The Lesson. 2nd. Lawn, Beverly. Boston Bedford/St Martins, 2004. 419-427 print. Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Rev edition. Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos. Continuum/New York, 1995. 52-67 print.

Based on George Parks

Based on George putting surfaces (2007) December article for Correction Today, the application of Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) as a primary cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in department of corrections and recidivism . He recognizes that RP affords the implementation of evidenced based interventions in corrections but requires further refinement if it is to be expand from its current application in offender programming. This would require further testing of RP programs and more importantly, a philosophical shift in criminal programs for the effectiveness of refilling and social reintegration.Criminality is an issue that is continuing concern of any society. Considering the evidence suggesting the increase in repeat offenders and the degree of their crime, the demand to develop effective recidivism programs is tumesce justified. Parks (2007) discusses RPT clearly and provides significant information regarding its application prevailing principles and practices in its applica tion. However, though his discussion on the impact of RPT and related CBT based interventions, he does non provide statistical or actual performance evidence. Though this does not imply that his opinion is less valid, the urgency and importance of the issue would have been check communicated with the presentation of such data.Parks himself recognizes the need for new perspectives and insights to the issue of not only corrections and recidivism but also corrections and social support for offenders. in that location have been a numbers of suggestions to address the issue including the contradictions to RPT such as the increase in punitive measures for offenders.In the case of restorative justness programs, there has been a similar increase in the support for their application but there has been hesitation on their full implementation because of perceived risks and the management elaborateness on inmates. RPT has an advantage over other perspectives since there is already substa ntial evidence of its effectivity and relatively has lower risks since people involved in the interventions atomic number 18 limited to offenders corrections and parole officers.The researchs orientation reflects a psychological perspective as evidenced by the focus on CBT approaches. It should be noted that orientation does not exclude other orientations, as it is apparent form Parks discussion that he recognizes the value of various perspectives in the learning of recidivism programs. For example, he sites that crime cycles should be studied based on the conditions that create offense scenarios which include social, political and criminological perspectives or orientations.The theoretical mannequin utilized by Park combines sociology and psychology. The latter is apparent in the programs the areas of correction he sees the potential for the application for RPT. This puts an emphasis on psychological strategies, indicated by his testimonial of CBT and CBT-based programs includi ng RPT as sound as Helen Anniss structured relapse prevention (SRP).However, the actual intervention proposed utilizes sociological frameworks for implementation. He believes that there is significant change that offenders pull up stakes be able to reform if they are able to learn the impact of their actions, their responsibility for it and the need for criminal justice programs to apply penalties for those who offend them. Parks orientation also indicates his support for sociogenic collaborative programs in corrections and criminal recidivism.Parks theoretical perspective and research orientation are unvarying with each other. Like any other author or researcher, his research orientation is based on the theoretical perspective he employs in create the study. Thus, the assumption that the researcher employs for the research are reflected in the orientation of the study, the way the collaborations for the program are constructed or are to operate and the determination of the desi red outcomes of the programs. In the same way, an insight to the theoretical perspective of the author allows credible estimates to how the research will approach he subject matter.The literature review completed by Park and his opinion of them reflect his theoretical perspective and research orientation. In particular, his citation of the works of Annis, David Wexler, James McGuire, John A. Cunningham , Edward Zamble and of course the proponent of RPT, G. Alan Marlatts. Though Park does not make any distinct or overt contrary position against any research mentioned or otherwise in his studies, he eer reiterates his belief of the need for further studies before extensive application of RPT can be done. One point he points out is the lack of large-scale cohort studies to support the intensified application of RPT in recidivism.As previously mentioned, one of the limitations of parks study is the lack of quantitative data. Though considering the extent of the opinion he made of the existing literature, there is sufficient corroboration for the regard he has for RPT, CBT-based programs and the existing researches for the subject. Parks analysis of the research and its related issues and concerns reflects his have got extensive research and interest in the issue.His insights and conclusions are not surprising because similar conclusions about corrections, rehabilitation and recidivism are reflected in other researches. However, unlike some(a) opinions on the issue, Park believes that offenders should be given allow the opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration. His sentiment is not just for humanitarian reasons but also recognized that the success of such interventions will reduce demands for correction facilities and programs.Written for popular readership, the research is quiet effective in delivering the need for correction and rehabilitation programs for offenders that will allow them to sustain procreative and law-abiding members of society. Co nsidering this, then Parks avoidance of statistical or technical terms in RPT or CBT may be upset so as not to overwhelm his audience. Furthermore, this supports his objective of communicating the issue as social concern that needs collaborations of various social institutions as well as the public.The construction of Parks arguments first highlights the significance of RPT in criminal justice systems then reflects the importance of the issue in society and among one-on-one members of it. He points out that the objective of any criminal justice system is should go beyond apprehending and punishing offenders and extends to efforts that offenders are able to reform and become productive members of society. He then enumerates the requirements for the development of RPT programs that support these objectives and the insights that can be developed from existing research.In this article, Park contributes to readers understanding of the developing issue in corrections and recidivism, the perspective or researches being developed regarding it, and the potential of utilizing CBT-based interventions such as RPT. It highlights the need to review the relevance of programs and to streamline strategies to maximize the resources of criminal justice programs. there is also the realization of the increasing emphasis in rehabilitation of offenders instead of punitive measures which in turn reflects changes in social perspectives on criminality and corrections management.Parks research is to be commended in its effort to reach a wider audience for an issue that has often been considered as a concern solo to the criminal justice field. Furthermore, his emphasis on the development of research, testing and collaborative programs lend a strong foundation as well as frameworks for the development of programs and interventions. The issue of recidivism, crime and rehabilitation is presented as in issue that affects all member of society not only offenders or their victims. In concl usion, Parks work should be considered as an important foundation for further researchers on the topic and provides ample foundation for the analysis and development of RPT applications in criminal justice programs.REFERENCEParks, George A. (2007). New approaches to using relapse prevention therapy in the criminal justice system. Corrections Today 69(6) December 46(4)

Augustine on creation and Aquinas on the existence of God Essay

In Augustines writing, The Confessions, he philosophically attempts to answer the problems that go on inwardly religion, specifically in regards to Judeo Christian beliefs, pertaining to perfection, clock date, and invention. Augustine first addresses the belief that immortal created everything. He tries to provide a coherent explanation for his claim that gods ex-nihilo (out of cryptograph) creation of the Earth is a level-headed statement, given that God created everything, and with it condemnation. Thus, the arbitrariness of condemnation never existed beforehand its very point of creation.However, given that God created everything, and thus the universe, what was God doing before the universes creation that ca employ him to decide to create it or that it was now necessary as opposed to before. Further more than, if God even had to light upon the decision whether or not the universes initiation was necessary, making him arbitrary, wouldnt that underlyingly manipul ate the claim that God is a perfect organism (omnipotent, omniscient, and omni point) and thus is immutable.Augustine objects this claim by stating that God is eternal, in that he is timeless, and so exists outside the country of time. He is therefore not bound (or defined) by for each one temporal concept. So, when faced with the problem of what God was doing before he created the universe, Augustine simply claims it is an illogical question. He justifies that if one(a) accepts the belief that God is eternal and created everything, than one peckt logically ask what God was doing at a certain point before the creation of time itself, as it was not yet in existence.Augustine continues the debate on time, by calling its very existence into question. Augustine questions the comm just accepted printing of time by providing his theory of birthism, which basically reduces time into tho the present tense. Augustine claims that when people talk in price of the past, present, and p rox theyre only really talking about various forms of the present. Augustine tries to explain the various complications that arise when trying to determine the duration of present time. It is difficult to comp are two different measurements of time if each period of present time given fuel be reduced into a minute precedent of time that quickly disappears. So, one apprisenot measure something that has happened, because once it is in the past, it no longer exists.Augustine accepts that their appears to be an erroneous aspect of presentism, in that by accepting the present as the only form of time, one would consequently seemingly have to agree that it wouldnt make sense to refer to any moment of time occurring in either the past or the future. Augustine rationalizes any reference to the past, by defining it as the minds faculty to recall imprinted memories of images left in the mind done the medium of ones senses.Similarly, the foreseeing of future events is plainly the act o f prediction based by of things that were already present or anteriorly seen (i.e. the assertion that the sun will rise tomorrow is only based on ones own previous experience of having already watched the sun rise). Augustine acknowledges the apparent existence of past and future events, and answers the discrepancy by providing toss terms to use in place of the existing tenses, which are the present of past things, the present of present things, and the present of future things. Furthermore, he redefines the definitions of his terms to mean that the present of past things is memory, the present of present things is attendance, and the present of future things is expectation.Augustine continues the problem of measuring time, by recognizing that it would be impossible to measure something, which is not yet real, travels by dint of what doesnt occupy space, only to become something that is no longer real. He first tries to use the notion that time bottom be measured in relation to a corporeal object, much(prenominal) as the sun (i.e. a day). Yet, this method is rejected, because if one were to change the time it takes for the sun to rotate the Earth, the time dish out to a day would still remain the same, even if the sun were to set multiple times within a days time frame.Thus, he states that if the front of any corporeal object is one thing, and the standard in which we measure it is another, time fire not based off of any straw man of a corporeal object. He then replaces this method of measurement with the example of sound, explaining that because we gage measure time based on our voice, surely we can measure any interval of time based off any beginning and end. However, he claims that when measuring any form of sound, we are only measuring the model the sound left on the mind, and thus are only measuring the impression left, not the time itself.Augustine then deduces that time is only produced from memories of impressions. Thus, time is nothing more than a manmade phenomenon that exists only within the realm of the charitable mind. He explains that this phenomenon exists within the mind in three different forms of reality. The three realities of the mind are comprised of when the mind expects, attends, or remembers. In other words, that what the mind expects, passes by way of what it attends, into being what it remembers. Furthermore, it is only our attention that endures, through which what is still to be makes its way into the state of where it is no more. Therefore, our attention is continually present, as the future is being passed through the present and changes into the past. Augustine concludes that it is this tension or flow that constitutes time, in that time can only be understood in terms of a manmade psychological phenomenon.For Augustine, his philosophical conclusion that time doesnt exist in any tangible way but is merely a product of the human mind, justifies the claim that Gods existence is outside the rea lm of humans perception of time. Augustine expects that from the sufferance of this notion of time, Gods exemption from time in no way means that he is deficient or more limited than humans in any aspect, but that conversely, he is more powerful.AquinasAquinas argues the problem of Gods existence in three ways offset, he addresses whether or not the existence of God is self-evident, second, whether or not his existence can be demonstrate and, finally, whether or not God actually exists. In addressing the issue of whether or not Gods existence is self-evident, Aquinas provides three objections in support of the argument. However, the objections are fundamentally flawed based on the premise that one can intellectually declare God doesnt exist.However, in response, Aquinas counters this notion by redefining the ways in which something can be self-evident into two different categories. He says something can be self-evident in itself and not to us or both itself and us. Therefore, som e concepts involving incorporeal substances can only be learned. Also, because God is His own existence, the proposition is no longer one that is self-evident. Thus, Gods self-evident existence can only be proven through demonstrating the natural things known to us, such as his affects or, it is simply a prima fascie presumption. Aquinas provides the objections to his assertion, which accepts the fact that not everyone defines happiness or God in the same ways, or that Primal Truths are self-evident.Aquinas then discusses whether or not Gods existence can be proven by demonstration. He provides the objection that it cant, on the fact that Gods existence is based entirely on faith, and that His essence can only be defined in terms of what He is not. Lastly, that no cause can be demonstrate by an affect that isnt proportional. Aquinas answers, saying that Gods existence can be demonstrated in two ways. The first being through a priori methods, in which knowledge can be obtained witho ut the need of experience, as seen with Anslems Ontological argument which proves the existence of God using a definition. The second way, which for Aquinas is the only legitimate way, is through a posteriori methods, in which any knowledge used must be gained through experience.Aquinas adheres to Aristotelian ideas, claiming that there is nothing in the intellect that didnt once exist in the senses, and thus rejects that Gods existence could be demonstrated through any means other than those acquired through experience. For Aquinas, every effect must be the result of an inherent cause. So, one can prove Gods existence to be self-evident by demonstrating his existence based off the effects he produces. Aquinas continues by claiming that nothing prevents a man from judgement evidence demonstrated scientifically. Therefore, because God can be defined and proven in terms of his effects, we can conclude that Gods existence can be demonstrated.In order to attack the objections to the a djacent question of whether or not God exists, Aquinas provides the proof of Gods existence with, The First Way, which is one of five. The First Way is the most visible and is based of the a posteriori argument of consummation. Aquinas assumes that everyone can accept that within the world some things are in motion (as they can be observed), and that a things motion has to have been caused by something other than itself. In other words, except something in motion already in a state of actuality, no motion can be born-again from potentiality to actuality without the help of some outside source.Thus, Aquinas is influenced by the Aristotelian view of change, which is based of the precondition that a substance, defined as being a particular thing with a natural congruity that persists yet changes in predictable ways, experiences two different forms of change accidental and substantial. Accidental change occurs when a substance either loses an accidental form and gains another or gai ns a form without losing another (i.e. acute ones hair). Substantial change is the result of something that turns into a whole new being (i.e. a caterpillar into a butterfly). Thus, something that is potentially something else cant concurrently be that thing in actuality at the same time. For instance water, which is actually a liquid but potentially ice, cannot change its form into being ice without something acting upon it.Furthermore, building upon Aristotles views of change, Aquinas asserts that the same rule governing change can as well as be applied to the argument of movement. Therefore, if in accordance with the same rule, something in motion cannot simultaneously be both the mover and moved, since something in motion must be put in motion by something other than itself. Thus, in order to find what caused the first movement to occur, one would need to disembowel the seminal causes of such movement back to, in effect, infinity. However, Aquinas claims its illogical to acc ept that the initial force could only be defined in relation to an infinite chain of causes. Consequently, the only sound conclusion would have to include the existence of a first mover, such as something along the lines of an unmoved mover. For Aquinas, the existence of an unmoved mover/unchanged changer proves the existence of a force that could only be God.Aquinas concludes that only God could be the force behind the existence of some unmoved mover, if motion is created in two different ways. The first is exemplified by the example of some X (i.e. a leg) woful some Y (i.e. a ball). So, that in this first example, even though X causes the movement of Y, it also follows that X is moving too. Subsequently, Aquinas concludes that given the notion that any X which is able to cause Y to move, while at the same time able to remain motionless, could only be the result of a being X equivalent to a much-elevated force that uniquely has to be God.

Theory of Equity

Is equal dedicate the alike as equitable render? First you need to know the difference amid the two. Equal net profit would be a female doing the argumentation of a construction electrician getting the same pay as her male counter part. Equitable pay is the perceived fairness when employees differentiate pay from their job with other jobs in the company. You also need to know that pay adequacy is the pay direct that allows the employee to meet basic needs and to achieve a standard of living that is minimally acceptable to the employee. (Kirkpatrick 1996) the goal thing to describe is law Theory.Equity Theory maintains that people seek a balance mingled with there efforts and rewards and the rewards that others receive for their efforts. Thus, if one employee believes that his or her efforts are being under-rewarded in comparison to his or her colleagues efforts, the employee testament attempt to restore balance by either securing additional rewards or reducing his or her efforts. Equity pay can undercompensate or overcompensate, two forms of inequity, and cause distress that workers seek. The results suggest that it is not necessarily the wooing that each worker is simply out to get as much as he can for the work.thither appear to be equally strong desires that each one should earn the right core-fair and reasonable amount relative to others. Workers who receive compensation that is considered less than equitable are to a greater extent likely to strike, file grievances, or eventually withdraw from the workplace if the inequity, or the distress associated with inequity, is not reduced. Equity pay also implies that underpayment produces a different reaction in workers than overpayment does, although both reactions are considered distressing.Underpaid workers may experience feelings of deprivation and of being cheated, whereas overpayment may produce feelings of guilt and unworthiness. These different expressions of distress may engender quite dif ferent strategies for reduction. How workers reduce or avoid feelings of inequity caused by overpayment. Individuals would rather raise their estimations of their own inputs than reduce the valuation of their outcomes the latter exercise could be far more costly to the individual. Attitudes that devalue the job and/or its outcomes could eventually lead to job dissatisfaction, which is likely to diminish ones overall well-being.Kirkpatrick emplies that If employees are not meeting pay adequacy by dint of pay or other resources, then striving to maintain fair pay is irrelevant. (P158) An organization that decides to radical an employees compensation on his or her regard eliminates the need for job compartmentalisations and for most compensation management tools. Although this may seem extreme, its an attractive option, especially given the weaknesses of most classification and compensation systems. Current job classification methodologies attempt to create job level hierarchies based on such criteria as knowledge, skills and the required abilities.The logic here is that the classification system aids compensation management by providing a means to compare salaries paid to equivalent jobs throughout the organization. Compensation should be driven by an employees contribution, not by his or her classification. Impact analysis eliminates the need for most compensation management tools, including salary surveys that sound the depths of a collective pool of ignorance. Instead of capping salaries at some percentage of what everyone else is paying, compensation can be limited by the estimated r actual return generated by the position.In those rare cases in which market pressure and available necessity demand that a position be paid more than the return it will generate, impact analysis will keep management apprised of the negative return to prevent its being lost or forgotten. Equal pay not only treats individuals fairly it benefits us allparticularly our Nati ons families. It empowers individuals to become more self-sufficient, reducing the dependence of many families on government assistance.It also rises womens purchasing power, increases their pensions, and improves their capacity to save, all of which swear out to strengthen our economy. During the past three decades, our Nation has made a strong commitment to ensuring that every American is treated with dignity and equality in the workplace. Legislation such as the Equal Pay round and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act has helped us make progress in correcting discriminatory practices. moreover we still have a long way to go before the wage gap between men and women are eliminated.

Analysis of Dubai Development Model with relevance to India

Table of Contents l. Introduction and Dubbed Policy Relevance to India II. Challenges faced by twain India & Dubbed Ill. Policy Changes What chamberpot be adopted by India & Dubbed from each former(a) IV. line of business linguistic context of the policies in India & Dubbed V. References To The Leaders of the Business Association of India From Hull Consultancy Group Date Reason Analysis of Dubbed tuition Model and relevance to India Dubbed Is one of the intimately flourishing clues In the world attracting people from all all over the world with a strong economy.India being a part of the BRICE nations and with the ambition of being perceived as a developed nation need some changes economically and politically. Could the Dubbed simulation work in India? L. To analyses how Tubas model move be relevant to India we need to look at various different factors. Looking at the model of Strategy, Structure and Resource we could make some comparisons of how Dubbed is similar to India. D ubbed India Relevancy Strategy Economic emergence Political Stability Import Talent & confidence on distant companies in Dubbed. Logistical Hub and this promoted with serious port facility.Strong ties with other Emirates Strong & Continuous Leadership Relaxed religious laws although still Islamic cogitateed. Focus on gentility, medical & engineering firmaments good. Primary sector of Agriculture non ignored. Infrastructure training, cities and broadband development is another(prenominal) study(ip)(ip) focus. Political Stability Member of the BRICE countries. Democratic government with secular laws. Relevant Infrastructure development at the ports as the south of India is similarly strategically located. Strong ties between cities Egg Bangor & Hydrated can be made dis hostelryed Relevance One leader strategy may not be applicablePolicy of importing talent for domestic needs. Structure metropolis vs. Rural Development Education system City vs. Rural Cluster focused for com panies and development towards ABA Dhabi close to the coast line. Old Dubbed vs. tonic Dubbed Education agreement Focus is on introducing more foreign universities. Satellite city structure. New development outside major cities towards small towns. Egg Whitfield, Oneida. Infrastructure development in rural atomic number 18as. Good education system aft(prenominal) British colonization. Science & Engineering has special focus. Focus on rural areas education. Cluster structure could be replicated.It is already done in a few places but could be done in most cities. More foreign universities can be introduced in India. Not Relevant Old city vs. New City is already in place in some cities. Egg Delhi Resources Natural resources Human Resources Population- Low Manpower (Skilled, Unskilled, Technical)- Low Natural Resources- Low Alliance with ABA Dhabi for resources- mel humbleded Population- Very high Manpower (Skilled, Unskilled, Technical)- High Natural Resources- High Alliance with other states or countries for resources- Low Alliance with neighboring countries or other BRICE countries for resources can be Dade.II. To analyses if Tubas model can be adopted by India, the challenges faced by both countries should be analyses further. Policies used by Dubbed for the above mentioned challenges are 1 . tincture of Education AAU government invested up to Dabbed invested on improving general education. Solution They cause a partnerships with several international schools in order to meliorate their education system. 2. Policy relevance to India is low. Main issue faced by India is inaccessibility in rural areas.Extreme poverty is another problem Solution- Mandatory CARS activities enforced by the government. Secondly broadband work to yield education by internet in inaccessible areas as done in Gujarat . 3. Quality of Health dole out Expanse have expressed their lack of confidence in the Dubbed Health care services. Solution To correct medical quality partn erships with international organizations like John Hopkins and Cleveland medical centre have been made. Policy relevance to India is low.Issue is infrastructure with lack of sanitation and clean water causing illness. Lack of roadsteadtead or transport makes it difficult for unmet needs to be fulfilled. Solution Having infrastructure projects like the ones in Gujarat as initiated by the current prime minister is a fall in outcome then attracting foreign medical care. 4. Expiate Migration Tubas over reliance on expiate employees. Competition from nearby countries like Qatar and Oman. Solution crack infrastructure, attractive surrounding and tax free policy Similar problem with rising unemployment.Solution Foreign companies can be attracted like in Dubbed but a realistic solution would be to encourage local anaesthetic entrepreneurship in order to create Jobs. Dubbed is conscious about the over reliance on fossil fuels to translate power Solution Collaborations with Policy rel evance to India is again low. Energy requirement in India is massive compared to AJAX. on that point are local companies with renewable technologies which needs to be promoted. Solution Collaborating with foreign companies is a temporary solution though it can be done.Natural gas exploration and nuclear energy long term solution. Ill. umteen of the policies used for Dubbed are not recommended for India. These are because of many reasons like the Population, different Industrial focus, focus on domestic development including talent and technology. To further analyses this and understand what policy changes can be adopted for either India or Dubbed we need to look at the and the Fragile Failed State Index. The Fragile State Index, is an index which focuses on the stability of the nation on 3 different factors 1.Economic Uneven economic development, Severe Economic decline 2. hearty Demographic pressures, Massive refugee movement, Group grievances 3. Political Crystallization, Pro gressive Deterioration, Security apparatus , Ethnic cleansing base on these criteria, India is ranked at 81 which is categorized as High Warning and I-JAKE is inked at 143 which is considered a stable society. Under Economic , India has huge inequality in incomes and some states like UP, Briar are not highly developed. There are refugees movement and grievances from the lower class or religious sectors in society.Politically India is democratic and secular and given the religious and cultural diversity in India that an Autocratic rule would solely increase the trouble in the country. Policies which India could copy from I-JAKE is to have infrastructure development, which could be awarded to foreign companies as this is the major problem in India. Better infrastructure could lead to solving some of the other problems like better education, reducing group grievances when people have the same basic facilities, and make uniform economic development.Security could improve with better ro ads and reaching in time . Infrastructure and roads have been a notice element of all great civilizations starting from the Romans till modern countries like I-JAKE , Germany and the USA. If Infrastructure development has to be rapid foreign investment and companies would be essential. Having one religion and an autocratic government with very low population solves means that AAU does not face cost of the problems which India faces and thus makes it a very stable economy. still their reliance on foreign investment and technology, education is too high. This could bring about economic downturn to I-JAKE in the future. The change of policy which I-JAKE requires is to increase the amount of local universities and improve local education and businesses. A major aspect of doing business in any new country could be the depravation in the country and Business regulations in the country. The Ease of Doing Business index helps analyses the conduciveness of a country to start a business.The factors considered are Infrastructure, Poverty ratio, creed lines available, Tax rates, Educations standards , Regulations etc. Based on these criteria lets compare India to I-JAKE India- ease to do Business, Rank-134 Factors flourishing are up(a) infrastructure Highly educated society Annual GAP expected to increase and best in South Asia Factors unfavorable are Infrastructure still poor in many parts IN per capita is low Regulations are rigid High taxes Low credit lines as compared to I-JAKE Political rules favoring local companies Factors favorable are Good infrastructure No taxesHighly educated people (mainly expanse though) Good autocratic leading conducive to business High IN per capita Annual GAP best in MEAN locality Factors unfavorable Expensive to run a business Need to attract talent from abroad Corruption is another major factor which businesses consider. According to the Corruption Index I-JAKE ranks at 26th whereas India ranks at 94. This shows that there could b e a fear of corruption for businesses to enter India. V. Businesses in India could play a major role in making some minor changes which would enable the country to become more business conducive.Collaborations or JP with foreign companies- This would attract more funds which would enable them to expand faster and also reduce unemployment. CARS activities to improve education and sanitation facilities. If CARS activities are not feasible Join with Social welfare groups like Magic Bus transparence in business activities and raise awareness to reduce corrupt activities. Work closely with government to improve their sustainability and becoming energy efficient. Factories investing in machinery to have energy efficient equipment. Business in Dubbed could also take certain steps awards helping the local Political and Economic situation.Work with local universities and help consume local Emirate graduates. Take specific measures towards Energy conservation and sustainable measures Medical related companies can provide training for local Emirates. Considering the various factors there are some ideas and policies that either country can adopt. However the two countries are vastly different. While AAU is an autocratic society, it mainly focuses on one major sector locally which are the Emirates. Decisions are made and executed quickly as no consensus is required from the caked by huge funding which enables them to accomplish their goals.However in the long run the reliance on the foreign countries cannot be relied upon and local education and entrepreneurship definitely needs to be improved like what is been focused in India. India on the other hand is a very diverse society and it cannot focus on any major ethnic group. As it is also a huge country with a population of 1. 2 trillion decision cannot be made by an individual. The consequences have to evaluated. Also despite the availability of natural resources funding is not as direct and easy like in Dubbed.Like some of the European countries they try to focus on agriculture and education, as in the long run this would make their society self-reliant and not lament the lack of natural resources. There is a need for infrastructure in the form of roads of pipelines and sanitation facilities but the funding is not direct. Hence the rule of a mandatory CARS fee is created. in conclusion to have a long term sustainable economy they need local entrepreneurship which they are rivet in many different areas like Finance, Infrastructure, Engineering, and Renewable Energy.